Norton Anthology of american literature
Today we are looking into different topic that is the literature the American literature and written by Norton anthology
Its gonna be interesting so let's start what he says in he's literature.
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So here we are
the cultural connections between 1865 to 1914 as
written by the Norton Anthology so the first talking point for this particulartime period is the transformation of a nation the Civil War and the enormous
devastation and loss of life it caused left the United States morally exhausted
at its conclusion at the same time.
Time period 1869
The war stimulated innovations that helped the country prosper materially for
next five decades the first transcontinental railroad was completed
in 1869 with the use of poorly paid laborers from China the railroad made it
possible for people in goods to cross the country fastly and inexpensively
thereby moving the American economy into the Industrial Age.
Time period 1893
the telegraph
electricity and the telephone began to revolutionize daily life historian
Frederick Jackson Turner declared in 1893 that the western frontier no longer
existed as a frontier but was instead settled he set forth the theory that the
frontier was and to the formation of a distinctive democratic American identity
eager to compete with European nations.
the United States sought to expand its influence and land holdings beyond
its
continental borders engaging in conflicts in Cuba Puerto Rico the
Philippines in Hawaii American expansionism
continued to impinge on the rights and cultures of Native American peoples as
US government policies force them off their traditional lands by the late 19th
century.
well-meaning but misguided white philanthropists began agitating for the
assimilation of Native Americans into the white mainstream by imposing white
schooling white patterns of town settlement and agriculture and white
religion industrialization and manufacturing on
an unprecedented scale immersed in the United States at the end of the 19th
century.
major industries were consolidated into monopolies allowing a
small number of men to control enormously profitable enterprises and still oil
railroads meatpacking banking and finance called
robber barons by some and celebrated as captains of industry by others these men
squeezed out competitors and accumulated vast wealth and power immigration
exploded between 1870 and 1920.
Refuge arrives
especially with the arrival of millions of immigrants from Southern and
Eastern
Europe immigrants often settled in urban
centers increasing the relative populations of cities versus rural areas
in the United States rural farmers cultivating traditional family-run
operations found it difficult to compete as
railroads and land speculators drove up the price of land large-scale farming
soon took over from the family farm increasing agricultural yields .
but displacing many farmers industrial workers received low wages labored and
inhumane and dangerous conditions and had few legal protections regulating
safety and working hours neither farmer nor urban laborers organized effectively
to protect their own interest talking point to the literary marketplace rapid
transcontinental settlement and changing urban industrial conditions introduced
new themes new forms new subjects new characters new regions and new authors
in the half-century following the Civil War the numbers circulation and
influence of newspapers and magazines grew in this period many of the noted
authors of the era started as newspaper journalists and or published in Magna
Jeanne's American writers of this period increasingly adopted the form of realism
in their fiction critically praised writers such as Mark Twain William Dean
Howells Henry James and Edith Wharton used literary realism to different
effect and to address different concerns though all were interested in
constructing distinctively American protagonists though the focus of the era
was mostly on prose fiction Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson wrote important
poetry in this period forms of realism and naturalism.
the term realism refers by him movement in English European and
American literature that emphasized the truthful treatment of material as William Dean Howells put it most realization focused on the observabl surfaces of the world and which fictional characters lived and strove to make those surfaces seem lifelike to their readers some realist writers strove to represent the experiences of poor or outsider characters while others emphasize.the interior moral and psychological lives of elite wealthy
characters naturalism can be thought of as a version of realism or as an
alternative to it literary naturalist unlike the realist for whom human beings
define themselves within recognizable settings wrote about human life as it
was shaped by forces beyond human control naturalism often introduced
characters from the fringes and depths of society whose lives spin out of control.
naturalist wanted to explore how biology environment and other natural forces
shaped lives particularly the lives of lower-class people naturalist writers
thought of their work as scientific in its exploration of deterministic effects
and thus truly realistic rather than romantic talking point for regional
writing .
Other expression of realist impulse
another expression of the realist impulse regional writing arose out of
the desire both to record distinctive ways of life and to come to terms with
the new world that seemed to be replacing earlier regional ways of life
local colorists were dedicated to capturing the natural social and
linguistic features of particular regions many women writers initially
associated with regionalism expanded their interest to write more broadly
about the world of women Native American writers describe their lives and
traditions especially as these were imperiled by wide advances into their
territories in so doing they widen public appreciation of literary models
outside.
the European tradition while also challenging the dominant cultures
identification of the West with the. imaginary line of the frontier talking
point five realism as argument realism in fiction was an important spur to the
development of nonfiction which described analyzed and critiqued the
social economic and political institutions that emerge between the end
of the Civil War and the outbreak of World War one nonfiction writers penned
articles and books on such topics as women's rights political corruption the
degradation of the natural world economic inequality business deceptions.
the exploitation of labor
the exploitation of labor and tenement housing of all the issues of the day
perhaps the most persistent and resistant to solution was racial
inequality the end of Reconstruction in 1877 saw the withdrawal of federal
troops from the southern states and the shift to segregationist Jim Crow laws
following the Supreme Court's separate-but-equal decision in Plessy
versus Ferguson in 1896 black Americans
saw
a considerable erosion of the constitutional amendments that have
promised to guarantee their civil rights among the many african-american
writers.
addressing issues of black community and racial inequality we be two Bois and
Booker
T Washington emerged as important advocates of different strategies to
hasten equality for blacks in the United States.
Du Bois
Du Bois largely rejected Washington's more conciliatory and assimilationist
philosophy timeline connections from 1865 to 1920 1860 short-lived Pony
Express runs from Missouri to California 1861 South Carolina batteries fire on
Fort Sumter initiated the Civil War southern states secede from the union
and found the Confederate States of America 1865 the civil war ends
reconstruction begins Lincoln is assassinated the 13th amendment is
ratified prohibiting slavery 1867 the United States purchases Alaska from
Russia Jesse Chisholm maps out the Chisholm Trail connecting Texas cattle
ranches to railroads Arel heads in Kansas City Cheyenne Dodge City and
Abilene 1868 the 14th amendment is
passed
guaranteeing citizenship to all peoples born in the United States exclusive of
native peoples Congress Institute's eight-hour work day for federas
employees sweatshops using mostly immigrant labor begin to proliferate in
cities 1869 the first transcontinental red road completed by construction crews
composed largely of Chinese laborers Anthony is elected president of American
Equal Rights Association Elizabeth B Cady Stanton is elected president of
national women's suffrage association 1870 the 15th amendment giving African
American men the right to vote is ratified 1871 Indian appropriation act
ends .
the practice of negotiating treaties with the tribes as sovereign
nations 1872 Yellowstone the first u.s. national park is established 1873
economic panic financial depression lasts until 1879, 1874 women's Christian
Temperance Union is founded in Cleveland the invention of barbed wire effectively
ends .
the open range 1876 Custer's regiment defeated by the Sioux and
Cheyenne at little at Little Bighorn River Montana Alexander Graham Bell
invents the telephone 1877 reconstruction ends segregationist Jim
Crow laws begin 1879 Thomas Edison invents the electric light bulb female
lawyers permitted to argue before Supreme Court 1880 to 1910 massive
immigration from Europe 1881 Tuskegee Institute is founded 1882 JD Rockefeller
organizes Standard Oil Trust Chinese Exclusion Act is instituted 1884 Taylor
strike in New York City brings national attention to sweatshops 1886 the Statue
of Liberty is dedicated Haymarket Square labor riot leaves 11 dead American
Federation of Labor is organized 1887 general allotment act or Dawes Act.
Indians and non Indians
permits the president to divide tribally owned lands into individual allotments
to be held in trust for 25 years with surplus lands to be sold to non-indians
this led the Indians to lose some 90 million acres of land by the time Dawes
was repealed in 1934 1890 the US Bureau of census declares the frontier to be
closed there is no more free or unoccupied land Sitting Bull is killed
Massacre a Bigfoots minute kanjou banned by federal troops at one Wounded Knee
Creek ends the Ghost Dance among the Sioux Ellis Island immigration station
opens 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson up holes segregated transportation 1897 298
Klondike Gold Rush 1900 US population exceeds 75 million 1901 JP Morgan found
US Steel Corporation the first transatlantic radio oil is discovered in
Spindletop Texas 1903 Henry Ford found Ford Motor Company the Wright brothers
make the first successful airplane front flight the Great Train Robbery is firs
used u.s. cinematic narrative the Great Train Robbery is first u.s. cinematic
narrative 1904 national child labor committee is formed 1905 Industrial
Workers of the world the Wobblies founded 1906 April 18th San Francisco
earthquake and fire 1909 National Association for the Advancement of
Colored People the n-double-a-cp is founded 1910 the
Mexican Revolution 1914 US Marine invade and occupy Veracruz Mexico
Panama Canal opens.
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